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AI regulation in Belgium: laws & policy (2026)

AI in Belgium: comprehensive law.

Belgium is governed primarily by the directly-applicable EU AI Act, whose obligations are phasing in (prohibitions and AI-literacy duties since 2 February 2025; general-purpose AI, governance and penalty rules since 2 August 2025; and the bulk of high-risk-system obligations applying from 2 August 2026). Under the January 2025 Federal Government Declaration and the 2025–2029 coalition agreement, BIPT is designated as the lead market-surveillance authority for the AI Act, alongside a granular list of sectoral authorities for Article 77 fundamental-rights supervision, though Belgium missed the 2 August 2025 governance deadline and formal designation is still being finalised. National-level activity is supplemented by the APD/GBA's September 2024 guidelines on AI and the GDPR, regional AI strategies (Flanders, Wallonia, Brussels/Innoviris) and the federal AI convergence plan.

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Legal framework

EU Artificial Intelligence Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689), directly applicable in Belgium, with the Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) designated as the main national competent authority and the FPS Economy coordinating implementation. The Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD/GBA) supervises AI systems processing personal data under the GDPR.

The EU AI Act in Belgium

In Belgium, artificial intelligence is governed by the EU AI Act, the first comprehensive AI law, which applies directly as an EU regulation.

Framework
the EU AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689)
Approach
risk-based: unacceptable-risk AI is banned, high-risk AI faces strict duties, limited-risk AI has transparency rules
General-purpose AI
transparency duties for all GPAI models; systemic-risk models add safety and evaluation obligations
Timeline
phased: prohibitions from Feb 2025, GPAI rules from Aug 2025, most high-risk obligations from Aug 2026
Maximum fine
€35 million or 7% of global annual turnover for prohibited-AI breaches
Oversight
national market-surveillance authorities, coordinated by the EU AI Office

The AI Act is an EU regulation applied directly in Belgium; national market-surveillance authorities handle enforcement.

Key points: artificial intelligence in Belgium

  1. EU AI Act is the primary framework

    Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 applies directly in Belgium. Prohibited AI practices and the AI-literacy obligation applied from 2 February 2025; rules on general-purpose AI models, governance and penalties from 2 August 2025; and the main high-risk system obligations from 2 August 2026.

    digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu loyensloeff.com

  2. BIPT designated as lead national authority

    The Government Declaration of 31 January 2025 and the 2025–2029 federal coalition agreement designate the Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT/IBPT) as the main AI Act market-surveillance authority, with the FPS Economy coordinating overall implementation. Belgium missed the 2 August 2025 governance deadline and formal designation procedures are still being completed.

    cms.law data-en-maatschappij.ai technologyslegaledge.com

  3. Sectoral supervision under Article 77

    Belgium has notified the European Commission of around 21 specific bodies empowered to supervise high-risk AI systems where fundamental rights are at stake (including data-protection, employment, non-discrimination, consumer-protection and financial-supervisory authorities).

    iapp.org cms.law

  4. Belgian DPA guidance on AI and GDPR

    On 19 September 2024 the Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD/GBA) published guidelines explaining how the GDPR interacts with the AI Act, covering lawful basis, DPIAs, privacy-by-design and the role of DPOs when AI systems process personal data. The APD has also issued an information brochure on AI and privacy for citizens.

    alstonprivacy.com vbb.com

  5. National and regional AI strategies

    Belgium's national AI convergence plan ("SmartAI.Nation") emphasises trustworthy and human-centric AI; it is supplemented by regional programmes — Flanders (~EUR 32m/year), Wallonia (DigitalWallonia4.ai and ARIAC research programme) and Brussels (Innoviris, ~EUR 22m dedicated to AI) — plus a joint federal data-and-AI strategy for public health.

    ai-watch.ec.europa.eu oecd.org

  6. Penalties and enforcement

    The AI Act itself sets administrative fines of up to EUR 35 million or 7% of worldwide annual turnover for prohibited-practice breaches, and up to EUR 15 million or 3% for other high-risk violations. Belgium is still in the process of adopting national implementing legislation on penalties, competent-authority powers and procedural rules; enforcement capacity through BIPT and sectoral authorities is maturing during 2026.

    nortonrosefulbright.com kpmg.com

The EU AI Act in Belgium: FAQ

Does the EU AI Act apply in Belgium?

Yes. As an EU member, Belgium is covered by the EU AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689), which applies directly.

What does the EU AI Act regulate in Belgium?

It uses a risk-based approach: unacceptable-risk AI is banned, high-risk AI faces strict obligations, and general-purpose AI models carry transparency duties.

When does the EU AI Act take effect in Belgium?

It is phased: prohibitions applied from February 2025, general-purpose-AI rules from August 2025, and most high-risk obligations from August 2026.

What are the penalties under the EU AI Act in Belgium?

Up to €35 million or 7% of global annual turnover for breaching the prohibited-AI rules, with lower tiers for other breaches.

Timeline of decisions

  1. Guidance · official
    Belgian DPA launches 'AI & Data Protection' public-awareness series

    The Data Protection Authority published a 15-page citizen-facing brochure on AI's impact on privacy, the first in a new series explaining data rights when interacting with chatbots, apps and connected devices. It signals the DPA positioning itself as a key AI supervisor alongside GDPR enforcement.

    Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD/GBA)

  2. Law · official
    GPAI obligations apply; Belgium misses full governance-designation deadline

    EU AI Act rules on general-purpose AI models and the 2 August 2025 deadline for member states to fully designate and empower national competent authorities took effect, but Belgium had not completed its full institutional designation by that date.

    European Commission

  3. Decision · official
    BIPT designated as Belgium's main AI Act regulator

    The federal Government Declaration named the Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) as the principal market-surveillance authority for the AI Act, with the FPS Economy coordinating overall national implementation.

    BIPT

  4. Guidance · official
    Belgian DPA issues guidelines on AI systems and the GDPR

    The Data Protection Authority published a brochure explaining how GDPR principles apply to AI systems and how the AI Act builds on them, the first substantive Belgian regulatory guidance bridging data protection and AI compliance.

    Belgian Data Protection Authority (APD/GBA)

  5. Decision · official
    Orientation Committee established to steer the AI convergence plan

    A multi-stakeholder steering committee was set up to coordinate implementation of the National Convergence Plan across federal, regional and community levels, reflecting Belgium's fragmented multi-level AI governance.

    FPS BOSA

  6. Guidance · official
    National Convergence Plan for AI approved by Council of Ministers

    Belgium's federal roadmap to become a '#SmartAINation', structured around nine pillars including ethical and responsible AI, was adopted to align disparate federal, regional and community AI initiatives.

    FPS BOSA

  7. Guidance · official
    AI4Belgium coalition publishes national AI strategy recommendations

    The coalition's report set out recommendations on skills, responsible data sharing, innovation sandboxes and public-sector adoption, recommending at least €1 billion of AI investment by 2030 and shaping subsequent federal policy.

    AI4Belgium

  8. Guidance · official
    Belgium launches AI4Belgium national strategy coalition

    The government-initiated AI4Belgium coalition was launched to connect academia, business and the public sector around trustworthy, human-centric AI, becoming the central ecosystem manager that has since grown past 500 members.

    AI4Belgium

Sources

  1. digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai
  2. cms.law/en/int/expert-guides/ai-regulation-scanner/belgium
  3. nortonrosefulbright.com/en-be/knowledge/publications/a473a1c1/artificial-intelligence-regulat
  4. data-en-maatschappij.ai/en/publications/belgi%C3%AB-federaal-regeerakkoord-2025-2029
  5. alstonprivacy.com/belgian-data-protection-authority-publishes-guidance-on-the-interplay
  6. vbb.com/insights/belgian-dpa-guidelines-on-ai-systems-and-gdpr
  7. loyensloeff.com/insights/news--events/news/the-second-wave-of-ai-act-provisions-enter
  8. iapp.org/resources/article/eu-ai-act-regulatory-directory
  9. technologyslegaledge.com/2025/11/state-of-the-act-eu-ai-act-implementation-in-key-member-state
  10. ai-watch.ec.europa.eu/countries/belgium/belgium-ai-strategy-report_en
  11. oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2025/10/progress-in-implemen
  12. cms.law/en/bel/legal-updates/there-are-around-2-000-ai-market-surveillance-au
  13. kpmg.com/be/en/home/insights/2024/12/txl-the-ai-act.html

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Orientation, not legal advice: verify against the primary sources linked above. Last verified 5 Aug 2026. Methodology & how to cite · State of Technology Regulation 2026